How to Cite
1.
Barquero Orias DE, Recinos DUL, Guevara JMS. Merkel cell carcinoma: pathogenesis, management and emerging treatments. Rev.méd.sinerg. [Internet]. 2019May1 [cited 2024Jul.3];4(5):15 - 23. Available from: https://revistamedicasinergia.com/index.php/rms/article/view/189
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor, very aggressive which has a high mortality rate when metastatic. It is more frequent in immunocompromised as well as elderly patients and in those with prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation. The Merkel Cell polyomavirus has been found in the majority of the cases. Surgical resection with or without sentinel lymph node biopsy with extensive margins is recommended in early stages. It is a chemosensitive and radiosensitive neoplasm. There are immunological therapeutic advances for advanced cases.
Keywords
Poliomavirus de células de Merkel. neoplasias cutáneas. radioterapia. inmunoterapia.
References
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3. Tsai S, Bordeaux J. Merkel Cell Carcinoma. A Practical Guide to Skin Cancer. 1 ed. Nashville: Springer; 2018. 143-153p.
4. Trinidad CM, Torres-Cabala CA, Prieto VG, Aung PP. Update on eighth edition American Joint Committee on Cancer classification for Merkel cell carcinoma and histopathological parameters that determine prognosis. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2019 01 13; ID jclinpath-2018-205504. https://doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205504
5. Tai P, Au J. Skin cancer management—updates on Merkel cell carcinoma. Annals of Translational Medicine. 2018; 6(14): 282-282. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2018.06.13
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7. Bishop A, Garden A, Gunn G, Rosenthal D, Beadle B, Fuller C et al. Merkel cell carcinoma of the head and neck: Favorable outcomes with radiotherapy. Head & Neck. 2015;38(S1):E452-E458. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.24017
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9. Lebbe C, Becker J, Grob J, Malvehy J, del Marmol V, Pehamberger H et al. Diagnosis and treatment of Merkel Cell Carcinoma. European consensus-based interdisciplinary guideline. European Journal of Cancer. 2015;51(16):2396-2403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2015.06.131
10. Becker J, Stang A, DeCaprio J, Cerroni L, Lebbé C, Veness M et al. Merkel cell carcinoma. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2017;3:17077. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.77
11. Schadendorf D, Lebbé C, zur Hausen A, Avril M, Hariharan S, Bharmal M et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: Epidemiology, prognosis, therapy and unmet medical needs. European Journal of Cancer. 2017;71:53-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2016.10.022
12. Riethdorf S, Hildebrandt L, Heinzerling L, Heitzer E, Fischer N, Bergmann S et al. Detection and Characterization of Circulating Tumor Cells in Patients with Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Clinical Chemistry. 2019;65(3):462-472. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2018.297028
13. Clarke C, Robbins H, Tatalovich Z, Lynch C, Pawlish K, Finch J et al. Risk of Merkel Cell Carcinoma After Solid Organ Transplantation. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2015;107(2):dju382-dju382. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/dju382
14. Harms P. Update on Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Clinics in Laboratory Medicine. 2017;37(3):485-501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cll.2017.05.004
15. Sahi H, Sihto H, Artama M, Koljonen V, Böhling T, Pukkala E. History of chronic inflammatory disorders increases the risk of Merkel cell carcinoma, but does not correlate with Merkel cell polyomavirus infection. British Journal of Cancer. 2016;116(2):260-264. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2016.391
16. Liu W, MacDonald M, You J. Merkel cell polyomavirus infection and Merkel cell carcinoma. Current Opinion in Virology. 2016;20:20-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2016.07.011
17. Shirley M. Avelumab: A Review in Metastatic Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Targeted Oncology. 2018;13(3):409-416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11523-018-0571-4
18. Harms P, Harms K, Moore P, DeCaprio J, Nghiem P, Wong M et al. The biology and treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma: current understanding and research priorities. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology. 2018;15(12):763-776. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-018-0103-2
19. Wong S, Waldeck K, Vergara I, Schroder J, Madore J, Wilmott J et al. UV-Associated Mutations Underlie the Etiology of MCV-Negative Merkel Cell Carcinomas. Cancer Research. 2015;75(24):5228-5234. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-1877
20. Veija T, Sarhadi V, Koljonen V, Bohling T, Knuutila S. Hotspot mutations in polyomavirus positive and negative Merkel cell carcinomas. Cancer Genetics. 2016;209(1-2):30-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cancergen.2015.11.006
21. Chteinberg E, Sauer C, Rennspiess D, Beumers L, Schiffelers L, Eben J et al. Neuroendocrine Key Regulator Gene Expression in Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Neoplasia. 2018;20(12):1227-1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neo.2018.10.003
22. Prieto I, de la Fuente T, Medina S, Castelo B, Sobrino B, Fortes J et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: An algorithm for multidisciplinary management and decision-making. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 2016;98:170-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.10.008
23. Cassler N, Merrill D, Bichakjian C, Brownell I. Merkel Cell Carcinoma Therapeutic Update. Current Treatment Options in Oncology. 2016;17(7):36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11864-016-0409-1
24. Kline L, Coldiron B. Mohs Micrographic Surgery for the Treatment of Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Dermatologic Surgery. 2016;42(8):945-951. https://doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000000801
25. Strom T, Carr M, Zager J, Naghavi A, Smith F, Cruse C et al. Radiation Therapy is Associated with Improved Outcomes in Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Annals of Surgical Oncology. 2016;23(11):3572-3578. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-016-5293-1
26. Mendenhall W, Morris C, Kirwan J, Amdur R, Shaw C, Dziegielewski P. Management of cutaneous Merkel cell carcinoma. Acta Oncologica. 2017;57(3):320-323. https://doi.org/10.1080/0284186X.2017.1349926
27. Chan I, Bhatia S, Kaufman H, Lipson E. Immunotherapy for Merkel cell carcinoma: a turning point in patient care. Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer. 2018;6(1):23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40425-018-0335-9
28. Hauschild A, Schadendorf D. Checkpoint inhibitors: a new standard of care for advanced Merkel cell carcinoma?. The Lancet Oncology. 2016;17(10):1337-1339. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30441-7
29. Colunga A, Pulliam T, Nghiem P. Merkel Cell Carcinoma in the Age of Immunotherapy: Facts and Hopes. Clinical Cancer Research. 2017;24(9):2035-2043. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-0439
30. Galluzzi L, Kroemer G. Novel immune checkpoint blocker to treat Merkel cell carcinoma. OncoImmunology. 2017;6(6):e1315496. https://doi.org/10.1080/2162402X.2017.1315496
2. Chteinberg E, Sauer C, Rennspiess D, Beumers L, Schiffelers L, Eben J et al. Neuroendocrine Key Regulator Gene Expression in Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Neoplasia. 2018;20(12):1227-1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neo.2018.10.003
3. Tsai S, Bordeaux J. Merkel Cell Carcinoma. A Practical Guide to Skin Cancer. 1 ed. Nashville: Springer; 2018. 143-153p.
4. Trinidad CM, Torres-Cabala CA, Prieto VG, Aung PP. Update on eighth edition American Joint Committee on Cancer classification for Merkel cell carcinoma and histopathological parameters that determine prognosis. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2019 01 13; ID jclinpath-2018-205504. https://doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205504
5. Tai P, Au J. Skin cancer management—updates on Merkel cell carcinoma. Annals of Translational Medicine. 2018; 6(14): 282-282. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2018.06.13
6. Schmults C, Blitzblau R, Aasi S, Alam M, Andersen J, Bordeaux J et al. Merkel Cell Carcinoma [Internet]. USA: National Comprehensive Cancer Network; 2019 [cited 12 March 2019]. Available from: https://merkelcell.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/MCC_v.2.2019-2.pdf
7. Bishop A, Garden A, Gunn G, Rosenthal D, Beadle B, Fuller C et al. Merkel cell carcinoma of the head and neck: Favorable outcomes with radiotherapy. Head & Neck. 2015;38(S1):E452-E458. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.24017
8. Veness M. Radiation Therapy in Merkel Cell Carcinoma [internet]. Cham: Radiation Oncology. 2018 April 18 [cited 12 March 2019]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-52619-5_16-1
9. Lebbe C, Becker J, Grob J, Malvehy J, del Marmol V, Pehamberger H et al. Diagnosis and treatment of Merkel Cell Carcinoma. European consensus-based interdisciplinary guideline. European Journal of Cancer. 2015;51(16):2396-2403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2015.06.131
10. Becker J, Stang A, DeCaprio J, Cerroni L, Lebbé C, Veness M et al. Merkel cell carcinoma. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2017;3:17077. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.77
11. Schadendorf D, Lebbé C, zur Hausen A, Avril M, Hariharan S, Bharmal M et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: Epidemiology, prognosis, therapy and unmet medical needs. European Journal of Cancer. 2017;71:53-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2016.10.022
12. Riethdorf S, Hildebrandt L, Heinzerling L, Heitzer E, Fischer N, Bergmann S et al. Detection and Characterization of Circulating Tumor Cells in Patients with Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Clinical Chemistry. 2019;65(3):462-472. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2018.297028
13. Clarke C, Robbins H, Tatalovich Z, Lynch C, Pawlish K, Finch J et al. Risk of Merkel Cell Carcinoma After Solid Organ Transplantation. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2015;107(2):dju382-dju382. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/dju382
14. Harms P. Update on Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Clinics in Laboratory Medicine. 2017;37(3):485-501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cll.2017.05.004
15. Sahi H, Sihto H, Artama M, Koljonen V, Böhling T, Pukkala E. History of chronic inflammatory disorders increases the risk of Merkel cell carcinoma, but does not correlate with Merkel cell polyomavirus infection. British Journal of Cancer. 2016;116(2):260-264. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2016.391
16. Liu W, MacDonald M, You J. Merkel cell polyomavirus infection and Merkel cell carcinoma. Current Opinion in Virology. 2016;20:20-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2016.07.011
17. Shirley M. Avelumab: A Review in Metastatic Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Targeted Oncology. 2018;13(3):409-416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11523-018-0571-4
18. Harms P, Harms K, Moore P, DeCaprio J, Nghiem P, Wong M et al. The biology and treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma: current understanding and research priorities. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology. 2018;15(12):763-776. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-018-0103-2
19. Wong S, Waldeck K, Vergara I, Schroder J, Madore J, Wilmott J et al. UV-Associated Mutations Underlie the Etiology of MCV-Negative Merkel Cell Carcinomas. Cancer Research. 2015;75(24):5228-5234. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-1877
20. Veija T, Sarhadi V, Koljonen V, Bohling T, Knuutila S. Hotspot mutations in polyomavirus positive and negative Merkel cell carcinomas. Cancer Genetics. 2016;209(1-2):30-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cancergen.2015.11.006
21. Chteinberg E, Sauer C, Rennspiess D, Beumers L, Schiffelers L, Eben J et al. Neuroendocrine Key Regulator Gene Expression in Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Neoplasia. 2018;20(12):1227-1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neo.2018.10.003
22. Prieto I, de la Fuente T, Medina S, Castelo B, Sobrino B, Fortes J et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: An algorithm for multidisciplinary management and decision-making. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 2016;98:170-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.10.008
23. Cassler N, Merrill D, Bichakjian C, Brownell I. Merkel Cell Carcinoma Therapeutic Update. Current Treatment Options in Oncology. 2016;17(7):36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11864-016-0409-1
24. Kline L, Coldiron B. Mohs Micrographic Surgery for the Treatment of Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Dermatologic Surgery. 2016;42(8):945-951. https://doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000000801
25. Strom T, Carr M, Zager J, Naghavi A, Smith F, Cruse C et al. Radiation Therapy is Associated with Improved Outcomes in Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Annals of Surgical Oncology. 2016;23(11):3572-3578. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-016-5293-1
26. Mendenhall W, Morris C, Kirwan J, Amdur R, Shaw C, Dziegielewski P. Management of cutaneous Merkel cell carcinoma. Acta Oncologica. 2017;57(3):320-323. https://doi.org/10.1080/0284186X.2017.1349926
27. Chan I, Bhatia S, Kaufman H, Lipson E. Immunotherapy for Merkel cell carcinoma: a turning point in patient care. Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer. 2018;6(1):23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40425-018-0335-9
28. Hauschild A, Schadendorf D. Checkpoint inhibitors: a new standard of care for advanced Merkel cell carcinoma?. The Lancet Oncology. 2016;17(10):1337-1339. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30441-7
29. Colunga A, Pulliam T, Nghiem P. Merkel Cell Carcinoma in the Age of Immunotherapy: Facts and Hopes. Clinical Cancer Research. 2017;24(9):2035-2043. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-0439
30. Galluzzi L, Kroemer G. Novel immune checkpoint blocker to treat Merkel cell carcinoma. OncoImmunology. 2017;6(6):e1315496. https://doi.org/10.1080/2162402X.2017.1315496
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