How to Cite
Abstract
The skin microbiome is composed of an extensive variety of microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi and others. It can be modified by different factors and suffers changes through life as a dynamic process. The host and the microorganisms have a symbiotic relationship, at the time this system suffers changes appears a status of dysbiosis and this process has influence on diseases such as atopic dermatitis. Some authors state that approximately 90% of the patients are colonized by Staphylococcus aureus and this is supported by many of the studies that compare lesional versus non lesional skin in this population. Besides S.aureus, it is suggested some other organisms linked with this disease. Other factors such as mutations on the protein called filaggrin increases the susceptibility of bacterial colonization (S.aureus). On the other hand, some microbial agents have been found to have inhibitory properties over pathogens and are thought to have a protective role becoming possible novel therapies. Furthermore, it is mentioned that conventional treatments (corticosteroids, phototherapy, calcineurin inhibitors and moisturizer) helps to reestablish the normal composition of the microbiome. Multiple strategies are being studied in attempt of addressing the dysbiosis process related with atopic dermatitis.
Keywords
References
Musthaq S, Mazuy A, Jakus J. The microbiome in dermatology. Clinics in Dermatology. 2018 05;36(3):390-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2018.03.012
Powers CE, McShane DB, Gilligan PH, Burkhart CN, Morrell DS. Microbiome and pediatric atopic dermatitis. The Journal of Dermatology. 2015 09 21;42(12):1137-1142. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.13072
Yamazaki Y, Nakamura Y, Núñez G. Role of the microbiota in skin immunity and atopic dermatitis. Allergology International. 2017 Oct;66(4):539-544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2017.08.004
Stefanovic N, Flohr C, Irvine AD. The exposome in atopic dermatitis. Allergy. 2019 08 19;. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13946
Thomas C, Fernández-Peñas P. The microbiome and atopic eczema: More than skin deep. Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2016;58(1):18-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajd.12435
Kong HH, Segre JA. The Molecular Revolution in Cutaneous Biology: Investigating the Skin Microbiome. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2017 05;137(5):e119-e122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2016.07.045
Schoch J, Monir R, Satcher K, Harris J, Triplett E, Neu J. The infantile cutaneous microbiome: A review. Pediatric Dermatology. 2019;36(5):574-580. https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.13870
Lynde C, Andriessen A, Bertucci V, McCuaig C, Skotnicki S, Weinstein M et al. The Skin Microbiome in Atopic Dermatitis and Its Relationship to Emollients. Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 2015;20(1):21-28.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1203475415605498
Lee S, Lee E, Park Y, Hong S. Microbiome in the Gut-Skin Axis in Atopic Dermatitis. Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research. 2018;10(4):354. https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2018.10.4.354
Nakatsuji T, Gallo RL. The role of the skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 2019 03;122(3):263-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2018.12.003
Olesen CM, Clausen M, Andersen PS, Agner T. The Skin Microbiome in Atopic Dermatitis—a Potential Treatment Target?. Current Dermatology Reports. 2018 Nov 08;7(4):199-208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13671-018-0245-6
Stalder J, Fluhr J, Foster T, Glatz M, Proksch E. The emerging role of skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis and its clinical implication. Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2018;30(4):357-364. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2018.1516030
Kim J, Kim H. Microbiome of the Skin and Gut in Atopic Dermatitis (AD): Understanding the Pathophysiology and Finding Novel Management Strategies. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019;8(4):444. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8040444.
Paller AS, Kong HH, Seed P, Naik S, Scharschmidt TC, Gallo RL, Luger T, Irvine AD. The microbiome in patients with atopic dermatitis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2019 01;143(1):26-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2018.11.015
Dou J, Zeng J, Wu K, Tan W, Gao L, Lu J. Microbiosis in pathogenesis and intervention of atopic dermatitis. International Immunopharmacology. 2019;69:263-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2019.01.030
Byrd AL, Belkaid Y, Segre JA. The human skin microbiome. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2018 01 15;16(3):143-155. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.157
Weyrich L, Dixit S, Farrer A, Cooper A, Cooper A. The skin microbiome: Associations between altered microbial communities and disease. Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2015;56(4):268-274. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajd.12253
Odell ID, Flavell RA. Microbiome: Ecology of eczema. Nature Microbiology. 2016 08 26;1(9). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.135
Shi B, Bangayan N, Curd E, Taylor P, Gallo R, Leung D et al. The Skin Microbiome Differs with Age in Atopic Dermatitis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2016;137(2):AB407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1263
Totté J, Pardo L, Fieten K, Vos M, Broek T, Schuren F, Pasmans S. Nasal and skin microbiomes are associated with disease severity in paediatric atopic dermatitis. British Journal of Dermatology. 2019 07 11;181(4):796-804. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.17755
Hsiong David C. Healthy Caregivers and Atopic Dermatitis Patients Share Similar Skin Microbiome. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2018;141(2):AB402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.12.946
Choi M, Seo IC, Kim DH, Choi J, Park JM, Oh JW. Microbiome Profile of Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis Using Transcriptome Analysis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2019 02;143(2):AB434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2018.12.982
Iwatsuki K, Yamasaki O, Morizane S. Microbiome, Dysbiosis, and Atopic Dermatitis. Evolution of Atopic Dermatitis in the 21st Century. 2017;:141-155. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5541-6_12
Wollina U. Microbiome in atopic dermatitis. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology. 2017;Volume 10:51-56. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S130013
D'Auria E, Banderali G, Barberi S, Gualandri L, Pietra B, Riva E et al. Atopic dermatitis: recent insight on pathogenesis and novel therapeutic target. Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology. 2016;34(2):98-108.
Williams MR, Gallo RL. The Role of the Skin Microbiome in Atopic Dermatitis. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports. 2015 09 24;15(11). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-015-0567-4
Altunbulakli C, Reiger M, Neumann A, Garzorz-Stark N, Fleming M, Huelpuesch C et al. Relations between epidermal barrier dysregulation and Staphylococcus species-dominated microbiome dysbiosis in patients with atopic dermatitis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2018;142(5):1643-1647.e12.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2018.07.005
Brunner PM, Leung DY, Guttman-Yassky E. Immunologic, microbial, and epithelial interactions in atopic dermatitis. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 2018 01;120(1):34 41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2017.09.055
Seite S, Bieber T. Barrier function and microbiotic dysbiosis in atopic dermatitis. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology. 2015;:479. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S91521
Clausen M, Agner T, Lilje B, Edslev SM, Johannesen TB, Andersen PS. Association of Disease Severity With Skin Microbiome and Filaggrin Gene Mutations in Adult Atopic Dermatitis. JAMA Dermatology. 2018 03 01;154(3):293. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.5440
Williams M, Gallo R. Evidence that Human Skin Microbiome Dysbiosis Promotes Atopic Dermatitis. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2017;137(12):2460-2461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2017.09.010
Gonzalez M, Schaffer J, Orlow S, Gao Z, Li H, Alekseyenko A et al. Cutaneous microbiome effects of fluticasone propionate cream and adjunctive bleach baths in childhood atopic dermatitis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2016;75(3):481-493.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2016.04.066
Kennedy EA, Connolly J, Hourihane JO, Fallon PG, McLean WI, Murray D, Jo J, Segre JA, Kong HH, Irvine AD. Skin microbiome before development of atopic dermatitis: Early colonization with commensal staphylococci at 2 months is associated with a lower risk of atopic dermatitis at 1 year. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2017 01;139(1):166-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.07.029
Kobayashi T, Glatz M, Horiuchi K, Kawasaki H, Akiyama H, Kaplan D et al. Dysbiosis and Staphylococcus aureus Colonization Drives Inflammation in Atopic Dermatitis. Immunity. 2015;42(4):756-766.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2015.03.014
Myles I, Williams K, Reckhow J, Jammeh M, Pincus N, Sastalla I et al. Transplantation of human skin microbiota in models of atopic dermatitis. JCI Insight. 2016;1(10):e86955. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.86955
Myles I, Earland N, Anderson E, Moore I, Kieh M, Williams K et al. First-in-human topical microbiome transplantation with Roseomonas mucosa for atopic dermatitis. JCI Insight. 2018;3(9):e120608.
https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.120608
Kwon S, Choi J, Shin J, Huh C, Park K, Du M, Yoon S, Na J. Changes in Lesional and Non-lesional Skin Microbiome During Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis. Acta Dermato Venereologica. 2019;99(3):284-290. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-3089