Allergic ocular pathology in the pediatric patient

Abstract

Ocular allergies (OA) are a group of hypersensitivity disorders characterized by inflammation in the conjunctival. Approximately 20% of the world's population suffers from some form of ocular allergy, mainly people with pre-existing allergic conditions. However, under-recognition and under-treatment of ocular symptoms is common. Under-diagnosis of these conditions has a significant impact on the quality of life of patients. The development of OAs depends on environmental and genetic components. OAs are classified into seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, perennial allergic conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis and giant papillary conjunctivitis. The clinical course, duration, severity and comorbidities vary, depending on the specific ocular region affected and the immunological mechanisms involved. Diagnosis is usually clinical. However, it is challenging to differentiate between these conditions as they have overlapping symptoms and signs. The most common symptoms are pruritus, conjunctival injection, eyelid edema and lacrimation. The main goal of treatment is to control the symptomatology as well as to improve the patient's quality of life. Treatment comprises pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures. However, the success of the treatment involves improving the under-diagnosis rate through a thorough history and physical examination; and a better understanding and utilization of currently available diagnostic tools.