How to Cite
Abstract
Adrenal crisis is the most severe acute manifestation of adrenal insufficiency; and appears to be on the rise, despite the availability of effective preventative strategies. However, in the context of its severity, there is a lack of information about adrenal crisis events in the pediatric population, since most of the research focuses on the study of adults. Although it is true that the approaches in terms of their definition, presentation, treatment and prevention strategies have much in common throughout the different stages of life, there are important differences between children and adults that can make their treatment more difficult. Education is considered to be an essential element in the prevention of adrenal crisis. Although most parents and/or caregivers are well informed in the administration of stress doses, they are often reluctant to increase the dose of glucocorticoids or change the method of application, and therefore avoid rapid deterioration of these patients. In this review, current knowledge about adrenal crisis events in children and their impact on health is assessed.
Keywords
References
Rushworth RL, Torpy DJ, Falhammar H. Adrenal Crisis. N Engl J Med. 2019, Aug 29;381(9):852-861. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1807486
Rushworth RL, Goubar T, Ostman C, McGrath S, Torpy DJ. Interaction between hypotension and age on adrenal crisis diagnosis. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2020, Dec 02;4(2):e00205. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/edm2.205
Rushworth RL, Torpy DJ, Stratakis CA, Falhammar H. Adrenal Crises in Children: Perspectives and Research Directions. Horm Res Paediatr. 2018;89(5):341-351. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1159/000481660
Cortet C, Barat P, Zenaty D, Guignat L, Chanson P. Group 5: Acute adrenal insufficiency in adults and pediatric patients. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2017, Dec;78(6):535-543. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ando.2017.10.008
Eyal O, Levin Y, Oren A, et al. Adrenal crises in children with adrenal insufficiency: epidemiology and risk factors. Eur J Pediatr. 2019;178:731–738. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-019-03348-1
Miller BS, Spencer SP, Geffner ME, Gourgari E, Lahoti A, Kamboj MK, Stanley TL, Uli NK, Wicklow BA, Sarafoglou K. Emergency management of adrenal insufficiency in children: advocating for treatment options in outpatient and field settings. J Investig Med. 2020, Jan;68(1):16-25. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/jim-2019-000999
Schöfl C, Mayr B, Maison N, et al. Daily adjustment of glucocorticoids by patients with adrenal insufficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2019;91:256–262. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.14004
El-Maouche D, Hargreaves CJ, Sinaii N, Mallappa A, Veeraraghavan P, Merke DP. Longitudinal Assessment of Illnesses, Stress Dosing, and Illness Sequelae in Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018, Jun 01;103(6):2336-2345. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2018-00208
Lousada LM, Mendonca BB, Bachega TASS. Adrenal crisis and mortality rate in adrenal insufficiency and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2021, Nov 03;65(4):488-494. Doi: https://doi.org/10.20945/23593997000000392
Hahner S. Acute adrenal crisis and mortality in adrenal insufficiency: Still a concern in 2018! Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2018, Jun;79(3):164-166. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ando.2018.04.015
White KG. A retrospective analysis of adrenal crisis in steroid-dependent patients: causes, frequency and outcomes. BMC Endocr Disord. 2019;19(129). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-019-0459-z
Rushworth RL, Gouvoussis N, Goubar T, Maguire A, Munns CF, Neville KA, Torpy DJ. Acute illness in children with secondary adrenal insufficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2021, Jun;94(6):913-919. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.14427
Quinkler M, Murray RD, Zhang P, Marelli C, Petermann R, Isidori AM, Ekman B. Characterization of patients with adrenal insufficiency and frequent adrenal crises. Eur J Endocrinol. 2021, May 04;184(6):761-771. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-20-1324
Nowotny H, Ahmed SF, Bensing S, Beun JG, Brösamle M, Chifu I, Claahsen van der Grinten H, Clemente M, Falhammar H, Hahner S, Husebye E, Kristensen J, Loli P, Lajic S, Reisch N; Endo ERN (MTG1). Therapy options for adrenal insufficiency and recommendations for the management of adrenal crisis. Endocrine. 2021, Mar;71(3):586-594. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-021-02649-6
Kampmeyer D, Haas CS, Moenig H, Harbeck B. Self-management in adrenal insufficiency - towards a better understanding. Endocr J. 2017, Apr 29;64(4):379-385. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.EJ16-0429
Chrisp GL, Torpy DJ, Maguire AM, Quartararo M, Falhammar H, King BR, Munns CF, Hameed S, Rushworth RL. The effect of patient-managed stress dosing on electrolytes and blood pressure in acute illness in children with adrenal insufficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2020, Aug;93(2):97-103. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.14196
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2022 Array